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■労働科学の目次
久保 真人
日本版バーンアウト尺度の因子的，構成概念妥当性の検証
労働科学，83（2），39～53，（2007）
本論の目的は，看護師とホーム･ヘルパーを対象とした調査データから，日本版バーンアウト尺度の因子的ならびに構成概念妥当性を検証することである。また，日本版バーンアウト尺度をホーム･ヘルパーに適用することの妥当性についてもあわせて検討する。調査対象は看護師1827名，ホーム･ヘルパー6037名であった。探索的，検証的因子分析の結果，日本版バーンアウト尺度で想定されていた3因子構造の妥当性が支持された。さらに，ストレッサなどの関連指標との分析の結果，日本版バーンアウト尺度の構成概念妥当性についても支持する結果が得られた。また，これらの分析において，看護師とホーム･ヘルパーでは，ほぼ同一の結果が得られた。この結果は，日本版バーンアウト尺度の交差妥当性を支持するものである。（表７） （自抄）
キーワード：バーンアウト；日本版バーンアウト尺度；看護師；ホーム･ヘルパー；検証的因子分析
Makoto KUBO
The Factorial and Construct Validity of the Japanese Burnout Scale
THE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF LABOUR，83（2），39～53，（2007）
The validity of the factorial construct in applying the Japanese Burnout Scale was investigated. The study included a sample of 1827 nurses and 6037 care workers. Confirmatory factor analyses of each of the two professional groups separately indicated that the original three factor model referring to emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and the decline in the sense of personal accomplishment provided a reasonable fit to the data. To examine construct validity, the three subscales of the Japanese Burnout Scale were then related to selected work characteristics. The means of the subscales were different between different groups of the nurses or the care workers, and, for instance, higher among the nurses and care workers with the intention to quit the current job. Based on the definitions of the three subscales, differential patterns of the effects studied were predicted by means of the correlates and these subscales. The predictions were largely supported. It should be noted that by using the Scale, the similar results were obtained for the two professional groups.
Keywords：Burnout；Japanese burnout scale；Nurses；Care workers；Confirmatory factor analysis
川上 剛，小木和孝，氏田由可
アジア5カ国における国家労働安全衛生プログラムの比較－ILO技術協力の経験から－
労働科学，83（2），54～58，（2007）
中国、ラオス、モンゴル、タイ、ベトナムの国家労働安全衛生プログラムの策定過程及び内容を比較した。5カ国はILOの「職業上の安全及び健康促進枠組み条約(第187号、2006年)」を参照しながら政労使の意見を反映してプログラムを策定した。法体系整備・監督官制度強化等が5カ国に共通する重点課題であったが、一方で各国の事情を反映した職種別の優先課題が取り上げられた。また、参加型安全衛生トレーニングが実績ある手法として組み込まれていた。いずれの国でも国家労働安全衛生プログラム策定の共同作業が、関連省庁および労使団体の協力関係強化に役立った。立ち上がった国家労働安全衛生プログラムの効果的な実施とそれをサポートする国際的な技術協力が次の課題である。（図１）（自抄）
キーワード：国家労働安全衛生計画；ILO；発展途上国；政労使協力；参加型トレーニング
Tsuyoshi Kawakami, Kazutaka Kogi, Yuka Ujita
Comparison of national occupational safety and health programmes in five Asian countries
- From an ILO technical cooperation experience -
THE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF LABOUR，83（2），54～58，（2007）
National Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Programmes of China, Laos, Mongolia, Thailand and Vietnam are compared and discussed. The five countries recently launched their National OSH Programmes referring to ILO Promotional Framework for Occupational Safety and Health Convention (No. 187, 2006), and took similar steps to develop their national OSH programmes. These steps comprised: organizing national tripartite OSH workshops, reviewing national OSH situations by tripartite and inter-ministerial taskforces, drafting national OSH programmes by the taskforces; and launching the programmes officially. These steps facilitated dialogues and cooperation in OSH among different ministries, and workersﾕ and employersﾕ organizations. The adopted national OSH programmes of the five countries commonly aimed to: strengthen OSH legislative frameworks, improve labour inspection, establish practical workplace OSH mechanisms, address construction, mining and other hazardous occupations, reinforce occupational injury reporting systems, and extend OSH protection to informal and rural sectors. In addition, each country aimed to address its emerging OSH issues such as coal mining in China, small enterprises in Laos, home workplaces in Mongolia and Thailand, or agriculture in Vietnam. Participatory training approaches were incorporated to the programmes as a practical measure to extend OSH protection into informal and rural sectors. In conclusion, the National OSH programmes launched in the five Asian countries well framed their OSH priority actions for impacts and synergy. International cooperation that can support self-help efforts of the countries to implement the national OSH programmes will further improve OSH performance in Asia.
Key words: National occupational safety and health programme； ILO； Developing countries； Tripartite cooperation； Participatory training
森田 健，Emmert Clevenstine、横手規子，佐々木史歩，山本 都，森川 馨
GHS対応に向けた国際化学物質安全性カードの新たな取組み
労働科学，83（2），59～71，（2007）
ICSC（国際化学物質安全性カード）は、GHS（化学品の分類および表示に関する世界調和システム）への対応に取り組んでいる。新規・更新カードへのGHS情報の記載ならびにICSC作成の基となる標準語句やその適用基準を記載した“コンパイラーズガイド”の更新と共に、ICSC作成と集中管理の効率化のための新システムを構築中である。GHSとICSCは互換的かつ相補的であり、両システムの適用基準の調和により、有用性を増すとともに互いの信頼性が高められると考えられる。国際的な両システムのより緊密な協調が、ハザードコミュニケーション、労働安全衛生ならびに化学物質管理の今後の発展に資するものと期待される。（図2，表２）（自抄 キーワード：国際化学物質安全性カード（ICSC）；GHS；ハザードコミュニケーション；労働安全衛生；化学物質管理
Takeshi MORITA，Emmert CLEVENSTINE，Noriko YOKOTE，Shiho SASAKI，Miyako YAMAMOTO，Kaoru MORIKAWA
New Efforts of the International Chemical Safety Cards toward the Implementation of the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals
THE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF LABOUR，83（2），59～71，（2007）
The partner institutions of the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) are committed to promoting the implementation of the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS). One way to do this is to see that the GHS is reflected in the International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSC), one of the hazard communication tools produced by the IPCS. The ICSC project began implementing the GHS several years ago and the new and updated ICSCs (79 ICSCs as of June 2007) have been incorporaing GHS information (pictograms, signal words and hazard statements). Currently, the standard phrases and their criteria that are described in the ﾒCompiler's Guideﾓ are being updated to take account of the GHS. In addition, for effective preparation, collection and administration of the ICSCs, a new system is being constructed at the International Labour Office. The new ICSC system would reduce the variability in ways of expressing a given fact that one sees in some ICSCs today. This variability puts a heavy burden on translators (the ICSCs are translated into at least 25 languages) and undermines the ability of the highly structured compilation process to make the ICSCs a uniquely coherent information source. It is clear that the GHS and the ICSC project are compatible and complementary, although their processes for generating hazard communication material are not identical or interchangeable because their outputs have different purposes. Harmonization of criteria for statements of hazards and their prevention will ensure that users of outputs from the two systems receive consistent messages, enhancing the credibility of both. Given the international vocation of the two systems, collaboration could be of immense benefit to both the GHS and the ICSC project in the production of hazard communication documents in languages other than English. The closer collaboration of the two systems is expected to contribute to the future development of hazard communication, occupational health and safety and chemicals management.
Key words：International chemical safety cards (ICSC)；GHS； Hazard communication；Occupational health and safety；Chemical management
過重労働と人的資源管理
鈴木 安名
労働科学，83（2），72～75，（2007）
近年のわが国において、過重労働が生じる背景を検討すると以下のようになる。
・日本における職務構造は固定したものではなく、境界不明瞭な業務が存在する。従って、労働者におけるチームワークが乱れた場合、特定の労働者に負荷が増大するリスクがある。・これを防ぐべき管理職の数は１９９０年以降減少し、同時に組織のフラット化が進行した（ダウンサイジングを伴うフラット化）。その結果、管理職による人材マネジメントが弱体化し、業務負荷の平準化が不十分となった。・管理職が適切な人材マネジメントを行えるように、管理職を教育する人事部門の役割が重要となる。本論文は人事部の過重労働対策を行うための課題を明らかにした。（図１）（自抄）
キーワード：職務構造の曖昧さ；組織のフラット化：ダウンサイジング：人事部
Yasuna SUZUKI, M.D.
Overwork and Human Resource Management
THE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF LABOUR，83（2），72～75，（2007）
As a background leading to overworking of workers in recent years in Japan, the relevant aspects of human resources management are discussed. The following are found particularly important. (1) The duty structure at enterprise level in Japan is not firmly stabilized and there are jobs worked with indistinct boundaries. Therefore, when the teamwork of workers is disorderly organized, there is a risk that workload levels increase for particular workers. (2) Since around 1990, the number of managers who should prevent this disparity in workload levels has decreased as the flattening of corporate structures proceeded simultaneously in accordance with corporate downsizing trends. As a result, the quality of human resources management has declined with the leveling of duty loads becoming insufficient. (3) In order that managers can function appropriately, the roles of human resources management sections in educating managers are increasingly important. The investigation of these aspects has revealed that human resources management sections are facing challenges for taking effective measures to prevent overworking situations.
Key words: Ambiguity of duty structure;Flat conversion of organization;Down sizing；Personnel division.
酒井一博
産業安全保健の視点からみた医師の働き方と改善方向
労働科学，83（2），76～80，（2007）
医師の過剰な働き方が注目されている。長時間残業と「宿日直」による深夜の業務などを頻繁に繰り返すことによって，過労状態のまま業務を遂行することもよくみられる。 本稿では，医師の働き方を俯瞰し，パラダイムチェンジのための改善提案を行なった。
医師の過剰な残業時間を減らし，ワークライフバランスのとれた生活を可能にするような医療システムの構築が必要である。産業安全保健の視点からは「医師でなければできない業務」と「医師でなくてもできる業務」を識別するための業務精査や，「宿日直」制度のかわりに交代勤務制の導入の可能性を早急に検討する必要がある。その場合，先行事例（good practice）に学びながら，実現可能な方策を講じることが望まれる。（自抄）
キーワード：医師の労働条件；過労；ストレス；医療安全
Kazuhiro SAKAI
Work Stress and Chronic Fatigue of Doctors in Hospitalsand Measures for Improving Working Conditions
THE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF LABOUR，83（2），76～80，（2007）
Social concerns are growing about the overworking of physicians performing intensive health care work. Many physicians are often obliged to perform their duties in overfatigued conditions due to long overtime hours and frequent night duties combined with prior and subsequent daytime duties. Recent reports on how such physicians work are reviewed and measures to improve existing situations based on paradigm changes are suggested. It is found urgent to construct health care systems so as to enable physicians to avoid excessive overtime hours and establish a reasonable work-life balance. From occupational health and safety points of view, it is essential to avoid overworking conditions leading to work-related accidents and illnesses and serious work-life imbalances. It is suggested to undertake detailed studies of these conditions by distinguishing between tasks to be done exclusively by physicians and those that can be shared with other members of health care teams. The application of proper shift systems instead of currently prevalent night duties combined with daytime work should be explored by coordinated efforts of health care institutions. It is useful to learn from innovative good teamwork practices involving different health care professionals. It is recommended to focus on practical measures that can respond to both health care needs of people and the issues of overworking and work-life balance of health care workers.
Key words: Working conditions of doctors in hospitals； Fatigue caused by overwork； Job stress； Safety in healthcare
松田文子，竹内由利子，池上 徹，水野有希，吉川 徹，酒井一博
高感度差異抽出法を用いた介護者の作業選好の傾向と作業負担感との関連－経験年数による傾向の比較－
労働科学，83（2），81～86，（2007）
介護職を対象に、介護作業の選好や意欲の程度を抽出し、その序列化をSDM（Sensitive Differentiation Method：高感度差異抽出法）を用いて行った。介護者の作業に対する選好や意欲には、利用者とのコミュニケーションのあり方、利用者の体重、他の介護者や家族などの協力、工夫の余地、高度なスキルの必要性、利用者への負担感などの要因が関わっていることが明らかになった。また、作業要素の序列化（順位付け）には個人差があるものの、介護度の高低や認知症の有無が必ずしも作業選好の主要因とならないケースも散見された。加えて、一定の経験年数に達すると、比較的大変な介護にやりがいを見いだし、積極的に関わることを望む傾向に移行することも示唆された。（図１，表１）（自抄）
キーワード：介護；作業選好；労働負担；高感度差異抽出法(SDM)；主観評価
Fumiko MATSUDA, Yuriko TAKEUCHI, Thor IKEGAMI,Yuki MIZUNO, Toru YOSHIKAWA, Kazuhiro SAKAI
The Relationship between Preferred Types of Work and Workload of Care Workers Revealed by the Sensitive Differentiation Method; Comparison of Tendencies by Years of Experience
THE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF LABOUR，83（2），81～86，（2007）
Preferences concerning the types of work tasks and the extent of willingness to work of care workers were studied by applying the sensitive differentiation method. It was found that preferences as to caring tasks and motivation to work were influenced by a number of job-related factors. Communication with users, the weight of users, cooperation with other care workers and usersﾕ families, possibilities of implementing improvements, the need for advanced skills and the feeling of burdens on the part of users were related to the preferred types of tasks and the willingness to perform the assigned tasks. While there were individual differences in the rankings of work tasks, neither the grades of care work nor the presence of dementia patients were necessarily recognized as a main factor for determining task preferences. Further, a shift was noted among care workers having a certain amount of years of experience toward a tendency to find the tasks requiring intensive care efforts as worthwhile and to be engaged in these comparatively tough tasks in a positive manner.
Key words：Care Work, Work Preference； Workload； SDM(Sensitive Differentiation Method)；
Subjective Evaluation
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- 清掃事業者の腰痛
- 投稿日 2008/08/23
- 投稿者 腰痛もち
- 会社員
- ★★★★★
腰痛は国民的な病気ですが、清掃事業に関わる人たちはかなり腰痛で職場を休んでいるのですね。労災などはあまり利用していないのですね。「労働科学」の吉川論文は参考になりました。
