労働科学のバックナンバー
2011/06/10発売号 (87巻2号)
87巻2号

出版社：労働科学研究所
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■労働科学の目次

トラックドライバーの勤務条件と疲労・睡眠
―質問紙調査からみた中小運送会社に関する課題―
小山秀紀，鈴木一弥，酒井一博
労働科学，87（2）41～55，（2011）

中小運送会社と大手運送会社のトラックドライバーの勤務状況，休息状況に関する質問紙調査の結果を比較し，特に中小運送会社の安全と健康の管理に関する優先度の高い課題を統計的な分析によって抽出した。大手に比べて中小では，長時間運転，睡眠不足，休日不足，外泊を伴う運行，スポット運行，運転中の眠気，深夜・早朝の運転，時間に追われながらの運転，待機や休憩の際にトラックを駐車場の場所に困ることの回答率が高かった。また，キャビン内のベッドやシートで睡眠をとる場合が多く睡眠環境への不満率が高かった。歩合給が多く給与条件への不満率が高かった。さらに定期健診の受診率が低く，野菜不足，偏った食事，不規則な食事の回答率が高かった。（表11）（自抄）
キーワード：中小企業；トラックドライバー；長時間運転；睡眠不足；疲労

Hideki OYAMA, Kazuya SUZUKI, Kazuhiro SAKAI
Research on the Working Conditions, Fatigue, and Sleep of Truck Drivers:
The Problems of Small and Medium-Sized Transport Enterprises Analyzed by Using a Questionnaire Survey
THE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF LABOUR，87（2），41～55，（2011）

In order to examine an improvement plan with regard to the health problems and fatigue of truck drivers, a questionnaire survey concerning the work conditions, sleep conditions, environment, salary, existing health conditions, life habits and fatigue was conducted to 415 truck drivers in 2006. Replies from a total of 193 truck drivers in major companies and 222 truck drivers in small and medium-sized transport enterprises (SMEs) were analyzed. A chi-square test and t-test were performed to compare the SMEs and those from the major companies. The following problems were identified through the results from the analysis. The rates of long driving hours, lack of sleep, lack of holidays, driving with sleep away from home and spot work were significantly higher for drivers working for SMEs than those of major companies. The rates of drowsiness, driving at night and early morning, time pressure, and difficulty of parking during break time were significantly higher for drivers working for SMEs than major companies. A number of drivers working for SMEs slept in beds or the seats in the cabin of their trucks. The rate of dissatisfaction related to sleep environment was significantly higher in drivers working for SMEs than in those of major companies. The rates of performance-based pay and dissatisfaction related to salaries were significantly higher in drivers working for SMEs than those working for major companies. The frequency of medical checkups was significantly lower in SMEs than in major companies. As the factors of life habits, lack of vegetables, unbalanced diet and irregular meals were significantly higher for the truck drivers working for the SMEs than those of the major companies.
Key Words：Small and Medium-Sized Transport Enterprises (SMEs)；Truck drivers；Long driving hours；Lack of sleep；Fatigue

インシデント発生時における看護師間の情報共有・伝達の特徴
作業観察中に発生した一事例からの考察
吉川悦子，吉川徹，武澤千尋，水野有希，松田文子，山村昌代，酒井一博，
三浦稚郁子，村上保夫
労働科学，87（２），56～68，（2011）
本研究の目的は，作業観察調査中に発生したインシデント事例の分析を通して，インシデント発生時の情報共有・伝達の特徴を明らかにし，医療安全の確保のために重要な視点を整理することである。インシデント発生時に迅速で的確な対応を可能とする情報共有・情報伝達の特徴として，1. 看護師による血腫確認から初期介入における役割分担，2.リーダー看護師の迅速なアクションと指示の先読み，3.看護師間の情報伝達ルートと連携の3点が明らかになった。また，医療安全確保のために重要な視点として，A.対応手順の取り決め，B.リーダー看護師によるリーダーシップ，C.看護師間の密な連携によるスムーズな引き継ぎ，の3点が示唆された。（図１，表１）（自抄）
キーワード：看護における医療情報共有；医療安全；インシデントにおける看護実践；タイムスタディ法；ケーススタディ

Etsuko YOSHIKAWA, Toru YOSHIKAWA, Chihiro TAKEZAWA, Yuki MIZUNO, Fumiko MATSUDA, Masayo YAMAMURA, Kazuhiro SAKAI, Chikako MIURA, Yasuo MURAKAMI
Characteristics of Medical Information Sharing in Nursing：A Case Report by Time-motion Study
By
THE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF LABOUR，87（2），56～68，（2011）

The purpose of this study was to clarify characteristics of the sharing processes for medical information in incident cases and to investigate viewpoints of enhancing patient safety. We conducted a time-motion observational study at a cardiovascular acute care hospital with 320 beds in Tokyo. The incident case, which was observed during the time-motion study, was examined, discussed and the results analyzed. Based on the observational study, we found that the unique characteristics of sharing processes for medical information on the observed incident case were: (a) assembling a team to solve the problem immediately with the nurse leader assigning roles to each medical staff member, (b) speedy actions and preparation of medical treatment by the nurse leader and (c) collaboration among nurses based on information sharing. Observations also suggested that to ensure patient clinical safety, it is essential to: (a) commence proactive protocols for a variety of incident cases; (b) ensure leadership of the nurse leader; and (c) share patient information appropriately based on collaboration among nurses.
Key Words：Medical Information Sharing in Nursing； Patient safety；Nursing practice in incident；Time-motion study； Case study

「児科雑誌」に発表された仮称所謂脳膜炎（鉛毒性脳症）に関する研究の足跡（5）鉛毒説に対する高洲謙一郎らの疑義への平井毓太郎の応答
堀口俊一，寺本敬子，西尾久英，林千代
労働科学，87（2），69～86，（2011）
我が国において明治中期から大正終期にかけて原因不明であった乳幼児の仮称所謂脳膜炎の原因が，1923年，平井毓太郎による研究報告によって，母親の使用する白粉中の鉛に起因する鉛中毒であることが解明された。しかし，異論ないし疑義を呈する研究者があり，就中，高洲謙一郎は2編の原著と１編の講筵をもって最後まで疑義を徹した。これらに対して平井もそれぞれ原著２編と講筵１編をもって疑義に対する解釈という表現で応答した。高洲のほか谷保平，唐沢光徳，長濱宗佶も部分的に疑義を呈し，平井は前二者に簡単に応答した。これらの平井による応答によって，鉛毒説に対する疑義はその後継続することなく終息し，鉛毒説は確立した。（表1，写真3）（自抄）
キーワード：仮称所謂脳膜炎；鉛毒性脳症；鉛毒説への疑義に対する応答；平井毓太郎；児科雑誌

Shun’ichi HORIGUCHI, Keiko TERAMOTO, Hisahide NISHIO, Chiyo HAYASI
Answers of Ikutaro Hirai to Questions about the Lead-poisoning Theory of So-called Meningitis (Lead Encephalopathy) Presented by Kenichiro Takasu and Others in Acta Paediatrica Japonica
THE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF LABOUR，87（2），69～86，（2011）

We have sketched the history of lead-poisoning in Japanese children in the serial form in the Journal of Science of Labour. In 1923, Professor Ikutaro Hirai firstly reported in a pediatric journal, Acta Paediatrica Japonica, that the so-called meningitis in infancy (SCMI) was a chronic lead-poisoning disease caused by white lead in the mothers’ face powder. Kenichiro Takasu strongly objected to the Hirai’s lead–poisoning theory. Takasu had seen some patients with an early stage of SCMI, but he recognized them as a rickets-like syndrome. He could not associate the patients’ signs and symptoms with chronic lead poisoning, although the patients showed lead-poisoning related findings in their red blood cells. Hirai conclusively stated with some pieces of evidence in his article in Acta Paediatrica Japonica that the rickets-like syndrome described by Takasu was an early stage of SCMI. On the other hand, Yasuhei Tani, Mitsunori Karazawa and Soukitsu Nagahama asked Hirai respectively for partial explanation of the lead poisoning－theory, and Hirai gave them simple and plain answers. After the heated discussion with Takasu, the Hirai’s lead–poisoning theory has been accepted in the world.
Key Words: So-called meningitis named tentatively; Lead encephalopathy;
Answers to questions about lead poisoning theory of so-called meningitis;
Ikutaro Hirai; ”Zika-zasshi”(Acta Paediatrica Japonica)